Electro-optical device, electronic apparatus, and method of manufacturing the electro-optical device

ABSTRACT

A liquid crystal device is provided that comprises a plurality of spacers formed on a first substrate, a plurality of R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers formed on a second substrate opposite to the first substrate, and a light-shielding layer formed between the colored layers. The plurality of spacers is provided around the respective colored layers, and the dimensions of the spacers is set to be Zg&lt;Zb and Zg&lt;Zr, and preferably, Zg&lt;Zr&lt;Zb corresponding to the respective colored layers. Thus, even if an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates, the possibility that the spacers may get into the G colored regions is suppressed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-137530 filed May 15, 2003 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an electro-optical device comprising color filters composed of R (red), G (green), and B (blue) colored layers and a plurality of spacers formed by a pattern-forming method such as a photolithography process, and to an electronic apparatus. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the electro-optical device.

2. Description of the Related Art

In general, in a liquid crystal device, a liquid crystal layer is interposed between a pair of substrates, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer is controlled in each display dot, which is a minimum unit of display, and light passing through the liquid crystal layer is modulated in each display dot by the liquid crystal molecules, thereby displaying an image, such as a character, number, or figure, on the downstream side of the liquid crystal layer in the propagating direction of the light.

In such a liquid crystal device, in order to form the liquid crystal layer, it is necessary to form a gap, that is, a so-called cell gap between the pair of substrates. In order to form the cell gap, spacers that are spherical members are dispersed on one of the pair of substrates, and the pair of substrates is attached to each other.

In addition, recently, a structure in which a plurality of protruding spacers are formed on one substrate by a pattern-forming method using a photolithography process and the pair of substrates are attached to each other with the spacers interposed therebetween has been proposed. The spacers are also referred to as columnar spacers.

When the spacers are formed by a photolithography process in this way, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules is disturbed around the spacers, and thus a display defect, such as light leakage, may easily occur. Therefore, the spacers are mainly formed in a light-shielding region that is a non-display region, that is, a so-called black mask region.

In addition, in the liquid crystal device having the spacers. formed by the photolithography process, after a plurality of spacers are formed on a substrate, an alignment film for determining the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules is provided on the spacers by a printing method. Then, an alignment process, for example, rubbing is performed on the alignment layer. When rubbing is performed, it is difficult to perform uniform rubbing if the alignment layer protrudes from the spacers. For example, a region in which rubbing is insufficiently performed occurs on the downstream side of the spacers in the rubbing direction.

Several methods have been proposed to obtain a display with high contrast even when a region subjected to insufficient rubbing occurs due to the existence of the spacers. For example, there has been known a technique of preventing deterioration of the display quality by forming a black mask region, which is a region that does not contribute to display, so as to correspond to the region subjected to insufficient rubbing. In addition, a liquid crystal device in which spacers are formed such that red pixels or blue pixels are situated on the downstream side of the spacers in the rubbing direction has been known.

However, when a display screen of.a liquid crystal device is pressed, display may be disturbed due to a variation of the cell gap. In addition, on occasion, the panel structure of the liquid crystal device may be damaged. In order to prevent the above problems, it is effective to increase the number of spacers or the cross-sectional area of each spacer. However, when the number of spacers or the cross-sectional area of each spacer increases without any restriction, the following serious problems arise.

When manufacturing a liquid crystal device, for example, a series of processes are preformed: color filters are formed on one of a pair of substrates, spacers are formed on the other one of the pair of substrates, the substrates are attached to each other with the spacers interposed therebetween, liquid crystal is injected into a gap between the substrates maintained by the spacers, and a liquid crystal layer is formed. In this case, when the pair of substrates is attached to each other, a positional deviation may occur between the substrates in plan view. In this case, the spacers to be originally situated in a region where a black mask is formed, that is, in a light-shielding region, may be situated in the colored layers of the color filters. As result, the display quality, such as the contrast, may deteriorate.

In addition, there is another liquid crystal device in which color filters and spacers are formed on the same one of a pair of. substrates. When manufacturing such a liquid crystal device, the color filters are formed at predetermined positions based on alignment marks formed at appropriate positions on the substrate, and then the spacers are formed at predetermined positions based on the same alignment marks or other alignment marks. In this case, when the positions of the spacers are determined based on the alignment marks, a positional deviation may occur. Then, the spacer to be originally formed in the black mask region may be situated in the colored layers of the color filters. Therefore, the display quality, such as the contrast, may deteriorate.

The present invention is designed to solve such problems. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an electro-optical device including a liquid crystal device having spacers formed by a photolithography process and colored layers constituting color filters, wherein in the electro-optical device, resisting pressure is maintained at a high level when a display screen of the electro-optical device is pressed, and the deterioration of the display quality is prevented even when an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates or a positional deviation occurs during alignment.

SUMMARY

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, an electro-optical device according to the present invention comprises a pair of substrates disposed opposite to each other; a plurality of R colored layers, a plurality of G colored layers, and a plurality of B colored layers that are formed on either one of the pair of substrates and are arranged in a predetermined arrangement in plan view; a light-shielding layer formed between the plurality of R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers; and a plurality of spacers formed on either one of the pair of substrates and protruding toward the other substrate, wherein the plurality of spacers

-   -   are formed in the light-shielding layer around the G colored         layers and in the light-shielding layer around the B colored         layers,     -   are formed in the light-shielding layer around the G colored         layers and in the light-shielding layer around the R colored         layers, or     -   are formed in the light-shielding layer around the G colored         layers, in the light-shielding layer around the B colored         layers, and in the light-shielding layer around the R colored         layers, and         -   wherein, when the dimension of the spacers around the G             colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding             layer is Zg, the dimension of the spacers around the B             colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding             layer is Zb, and the dimension of the spacers around the R             colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding             layer is Zr, the following relationship holds:             Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr.

According to such an electro-optical device, since the spacers are provided around two colored layers or three colored layers, the resisting pressure of a panel structure of the electro-optical device can be maintained at a high level, compared to a structure in which spacers are provided only around one-colored layers.

In addition, according to such an electro-optical device, the spacers provided around the G colored layers are smaller than the spacers provided around the B colored layers and/or the R colored layers. If an assembly error occurs in attaching substrates or a positional deviation occurs during alignment, the spacers may get into the B colored layers or the R colored layers, but may not get into the G colored layers.

However, when the human eye views light components of R, G, and B colors, it is known that the brightness of the light components are different according to their wavelengths even though the amount of energy of the light components is the same. Specifically, even though the energy of the light components of R, G, and B colors is the same, the brightness of the light components are such that G>R>B. This means that, when any variation occurs in the G colored region, the human eye perceives that a variation in brightness of the G colored region is very large, compared to a case in which a variation occurs in the R colored region or the B colored region.

According to the electro-optical device of the present invention as described above, even though the spacers may deviate from predetermined positions due to an assembly error for the substrates, the spacers do not get into the G colored regions in which much variation in brightness occurs. Furthermore, although the spacers may get into the colored regions, the spacers only get into the B colored regions or the R colored regions. Therefore, brightness is not varied much. Thus, a reduction in contrast can be suppressed. In addition, since the cross-sectional area of the spacers around the B colored layers and the R colored layers is set to be as large as possible, the resisting pressure of the panel structure can be maintained at a high level.

In the electro-optical device having the above structure, the cross-sectional dimension Zr of the spacers around the R colored layers may be set to be smaller than the cross-sectional dimension Zb of the spacers around the B colored layers. In other words, it is preferable that Zr<Zb.

With respect to the three primary colors R, G, and B of light, even though the energy of the respective light components is the same, the brightness of the light components are such that G>R>B. Thus, when the spacers get into the R colored layers, there is less possibility of deteriorating the contrast during display, compared to a case where the spacers get into the B colored layers. Thus, if Zr<Zb, the possibility that the spacers may get into the R colored layers can be further reduced when an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates. Therefore, the deterioration of the display quality caused by an assembly error for the substrates can be prevented.

In the electro-optical device having the above structure, when the area of one pixel composed of three display dots of R, G, and B colors is A, the cross-sectional area of one of the spacers is S, and the number of spacers existing in one pixel is p, it is preferable that an area ratio R of the spacer to the pixel is given by: R=(ρ×S)/A>2×10⁻³.

As such, the resisting pressure of the panel structure of the electro-optical device can be maintained at a practically sufficient level.

In the electro-optical device having the above structure, when the width of the light-shielding layer is about 10 μm, preferably, Zg is about 6 μm, Zr is about 10 μm, and Zb is about 14 μm. These dimensions are preferable when an assembly error for the substrates is suppressed to about 4 μm or less in manufacturing the electro-optical device.

In the electro-optical device having the above structure, preferably, the spacers are formed on the other substrate opposite to the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.

In such an electro-optical device, the relative positional relationship between the spacers and the colored layers is determined when attaching the pair of substrates. If a positional deviation occurs when attaching the pair of substrates to each other, there is a higher possibility that the spacers may get into the B colored layers and the R colored layers, but there is little possibility that the spacers may get into the G colored layers. As such, a reduction in contrast can be prevented when an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates.

In the electro-optical device having the above structure, preferably, the spacers are formed on the same substrate as the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.

In such an electro-optical device, when alignment marks are previously provided at appropriate positions on one substrate and R, G, and B colored layers are provided at the desired positions, the positions of the spacers are determined based on the alignment marks. In addition, when the spacers are formed by a photolithography process after the colored layers are formed, the positions of the spacers are determined using the same alignment marks or other alignment marks. As such, at the time of determining the positions of the spacers, the relative positional relationship between the spacers and the colored layers is determined. When a positional deviation occurs during alignment, there is a higher possibility that the spacers may get into the B colored layers and the R colored layers, but there is little possibility that the spacers may get into the G colored layers. Thus, a reduction in contrast can be prevented.

Next, an electronic apparatus according to the present invention comprises an electro-optical device having the aforementioned structure and controlling means for controlling the operation of the electro-optical device. In such an electronic apparatus, the electro-optical device is used to display, for example, a variety of display information related to the electronic apparatus. According to the electro-optical device of the present invention, a reduction in contrast can be prevented and a high-quality display can be achieved. Therefore, a high-quality display can also be achieved in the electronic apparatus.

Such an electronic apparatus includes a personal computer, a mobile telephone, a digital still camera, a wristwatch-type electronic apparatus, a personal digital assistants (PDA), a liquid crystal TV, a viewfinder-type or monitor direct view-type video tape recorder, a car navigation apparatus, a pager, an electronic organizer, a calculator, a word processor, a workstation, a moving picture telephone, and a POS terminal.

Next, a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device having the aforementioned structure in which spacers are formed on a substrate opposite to the substrate on which R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers are formed comprises a step of attaching the substrate on which the spacers are formed to the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.

In such a method of manufacturing the electro-optical device, the relative positional relationship between the spacers and the colored layers is determined when attaching the. pair of substrates to each other. If a positional deviation occurs in attaching the pair of substrates, there is a higher possibility that the spacers may get into the B colored layers and the R colored layers, but there is little possibility that the spacers may get into the G colored layers. Thus, a reduction in contrast can be prevented.

Next, the method of manufacturing the electro-optical device having the aforementioned structure in which the spacers. are formed on the same substrate as the one on which R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers are formed comprises a step of forming the spacers on the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed, based on alignment marks.

In such a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device, when the alignment marks are previously formed at appropriate positions on one substrate and the R, G, and B colored layers are formed at the desired positions, the positions of the spacers are determined based on the alignment marks. In addition, when the spacers are formed by a photolithography process after the colored layers are formed, the positions of the spacers are determined by the same alignment marks or other alignment marks. As such, at the time of determining the positions of the spacers, the relative positional relationship between the spacers and the colored layers is determined. When a positional deviation occurs during alignment, there is a higher possibility that the spacers may get into the B colored layers and the R colored layers, but there is little possibility that the spacers may get into the G colored layers. Thus, a reduction in contrast can be prevented.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an electro-optical device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a main part of the electro-optical device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a TFD element used in the electro-optical device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a partial plan view of a substrate on which elements are formed.

FIG. 5 is a partial plan view of a substrate on which colored layers are formed.

FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a part of the substrate on which the colored layers are formed as a main part of an electro-optical device according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a plan view showing a part of the substrate on which the colored layers are formed as a main part of the electro-optical device according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a part of the substrate, on which the colored layers are formed, as a main part of the electro-optical device according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing an electronic apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing an electronic apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing an electronic apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing an electronic apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

First Embodiment of Electro-optical Device

An electro-optical device according to the present invention will now be described by an example of a transflective liquid crystal device in which a thin film diode (TFD) is used as an active element. Herein, the transflective method is a display method which performs both reflective display and transmissive display, wherein reflective display is performed by reflecting external light, such as sunlight or indoor light, by a reflective layer, and transmissive display is performed using light emitted from a backlight towards a substrate. In addition, it is obvious that the electro-optical device to which the present invention is applicable is not limited to the present embodiment.

In FIG. 1, a liquid crystal device 1 includes a liquid crystal display panel 2 and an illuminating device 3 mounted on the liquid crystal display panel 2. The liquid crystal display panel 2 is formed by attaching a first substrate 4 a to a second substrate 4 b using a ring-shaped sealing material 6. As shown in FIG. 2, a gap maintained by spacers 14, that is, a so-called cell gap 12, is formed between the first substrate 4 a and the second substrate 4 b, and liquid crystal is injected into the cell gap 12 to form a liquid crystal layer 13.

In FIG. 2, the first substrate 4 a includes a first base member 11 a made of transparent glass, plastic or the like. A resin layer 15 is formed on one surface of the first base member 11 a facing a liquid crystal layer, and a reflective layer 16 is formed on the resin layer 15. In addition, a light-shielding layer 17 is formed on the reflective layer 16, and a plurality of colored layers 18 is formed in the light-shielding layer 17 as seen from the direction of arrow A in plan view.

Only the colored layer 18 of blue (B), which is one of the three primary colors, is shown in the cross-sectional structure of FIG. 2. However, actually, the colored layers 18 of red (R) and green (G), which are the other two of the three primary colors, are formed at positions different from that of the blue colored layer 18 as seen from the direction of arrow A in plan view. In general, the plurality of colored layers 18, each having R, G, and B colors, is properly aligned in a planar arrangement. However, in the present embodiment, for example, the plurality of colored layers 18 is arranged in a stripe arrangement as shown in FIG. 5.

This stripe arrangement is an arrangement in which the same colors are arranged in a line in the lengthwise direction of FIG. 5, and R, G, and B colors are alternately and repeatedly arranged in the horizontal direction of FIG. 5. In addition, as shown in FIG. 5, the light-shielding layer 17 is formed in a lattice shape so as to surround each colored layer 18. Furthermore, an upper left corner of each colored layer 18 is cut off, and the light-shielding layer 17 is formed more widely at that position in order to allow an active element to be provided corresponding to that position. In the present embodiment, the light-shielding layer 17 is formed by laminating the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors. The light-shielding layer 17 may also be formed by patterning an appropriate light-shielding material, such as chrome (Cr), in a lattice shape using an appropriate patterning method such as a photolithography process.

Referring to FIG. 2, an overcoat layer 19 is formed on the light-shielding layer 17 and the colored layers 18, a plurality of band-shaped transparent electrodes 21 a is formed on the overcoat layer 19, and an alignment film 22 a is formed on the band-shaped transparent electrodes 21 a. Alignment processing, for example, rubbing is performed on the alignment film 22 a so that the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the alignment film 22 a is determined. In addition, a polarizing plate 23 a shown in FIG. 1 is mounted on the external surface of the first base member 11 a by bonding. One transparent electrode 21 a having a band shape is extended in a direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 2, and the light-shielding layer 17 is situated between adjacent electrodes 21 a. As a result, the plurality of electrodes 21 a is formed in a stripe shape as seen from the direction of arrow A.

In FIG. 2, the resin layer 15 includes a first layer 15 a and a second layer 15 b stacked on the first layer 15 a. The first and second layers 15 a and 15 b may be made of the same material. A plurality of concave portions 24, which are dot portions, is arranged on the surface of the first layer 15 a irregularly, that is, randomly, as seen from the direction of arrow A in plan view. Thus, unevenness is formed on the surface of the second layer 15 b stacked on the first layer 15 a so as to correspond to the plurality of concave portions 24 and convex portions adjacent to the concave portions 24. The unevenness formed on the surface of the first layer 15 a is rough, and smooth unevenness can be formed by stacking the second layer 15 b on the unevenness. Unevenness is formed on the surface of the second layer 15 b, that is, on the surface of the resin layer 15, so that unevenness is also formed on the surface of the reflective layer 16 stacked on the resin layer 15. Due to the existence of the unevenness, light incident on the reflective layer 16 is changed into diffused light when reflected.

In FIG. 2, the second substrate 4 b opposite to the first substrate 4 a includes a second base member 11 b made of a transparent glass, transparent plastic material, or the like. Line-shaped wiring lines 26 extending in the right and left directions of FIG. 2, a plurality of TFDs 27, which are active elements, and a plurality of transparent dot electrodes 21 b are formed on the surface of the second base member 11 b facing the liquid crystal layer. In addition, a plurality of spacers 14 is formed at positions corresponding to the light-shielding layers 17 between the dot electrodes 21 b, and an alignment film 22 b is formed on the above-described each element. An alignment process, for example, rubbing is performed on the alignment film 22 b so that the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the alignment film 22 b is determined. The rubbing direction of the alignment film 22 a on the side of the first substrate 4 a and the rubbing direction of the alignment film 22 b on the side of the second substrate 4 b intersect with each other at an appropriate angle in accordance with the characteristics of the liquid crystal. Further, a polarizing plate 23 b shown in FIG. 1 is mounted on the external surface of the second base member 11 b by bonding.

FIG. 1(a) illustrates the planar structure of a minute region inside the liquid crystal display panel 2. In FIG. 1, the dot electrodes 21 b and the TFDs 27 formed on the second substrate 4 b are represented in solid lines in a state where the second base member 11 b is omitted, and the band-shaped electrodes 21 a formed on the first substrate 4 a are represented in one-dot chain lines. As shown in FIG. 1, the dot electrodes 21 b are formed in a dot shape similar to a square or rectangle and are connected to the wiring lines 26 through the TFDs 27. In addition, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B of FIG. 1(a).

As shown in FIG. 1(a), the band-shaped electrodes 21 a on the side of the first substrate 4 a extend in a direction perpendicular to the wiring lines 26 on the side of the second substrate 4 b and are formed parallel to a direction perpendicular to the wiring lines 26 at predetermined intervals; that is, they are generally formed in a stripe shape. In addition, the band-shaped electrodes 21 a are formed to be opposite to the plurality of dot electrodes 21 b arranged in a line perpendicular to the wiring lines 26. Regions, in which the dot electrodes 21 b and the band-shaped electrodes 21 a overlap with each other, constitute display dots D, which are the minimum unit of display.

As shown in FIG. 5, apertures 28 for light transmission are formed to correspond to the respective display dots D. The apertures 28 have a structure for transmitting light to the reflective layer 16. However, instead of forming the apertures 28, the reflective layer 16 may have both a function for reflecting light and a function for transmitting light by making the thickness of the reflective layer 16 thin. In FIG. 2, a region corresponding to the aperture 28 is a light-transmitting region T, and a region around the light-transmitting region T, in which the reflective layer 16 is formed, is a light-reflecting region R.

As shown in FIG. 5, each of the colored layers 18 is formed to correspond to the display dot D. In case of black and white display without using the colored layers 18, one pixel is formed by one display dot D. However, as in the present embodiment, in a case in which color display is performed using the R, G and B colored layers 18, one pixel is composed of the three colored layers 18 corresponding to R, G, and B colors.

As shown in FIG. 3, a TFD element 27 is formed by connecting a first TFD element 27 a to a second TFD element 27 b in series. For example, the TFD element 27 is formed as follows. That is, first, a first layer 26 a of a wiring line 26 and a first metal layer 31 of the TFD 27 are formed of tantalum (Ta). Next, a second layer 26 b of the wiring line 26 and an insulating film 32 of the TFD 27 are formed by an anode oxidation process. Subsequently, for example, a third layer 26 c of the wiring line 26 and a second metal layer 33 of the TFD 27 are formed of chrome (Cr).

The second metal layer 33 of the first TFD element 27 a extends from the third layer 26 c of the wiring line 26. In addition, the dot electrode 21 b is formed so as to overlap with the front end of the second metal layer 33 of the second TFD element 27 b. Considering an electrical signal flowing from the wiring line 26 to the dot electrode 21 b, in the first TFD element 27 a, an electrical signal flows in the order of the second electrode 33→the insulating layer 32→the first metal layer 31 along the current direction of the electrical signal. Meanwhile, in the second TFD 27 b, an electrical signal flows in the order of the first metal layer 31→the insulating layer 32→the second metal layer 33.

That is, a pair of TFDs whose electrical polarities are different from each other is connected in series to each other between the first TFD 27 a and the second TFD 27 b. This structure is generally referred to as a back-to-back structure. It is known that the TFD having this structure has more stable characteristics compared to a case where only one TFD element is used.

In FIG. 1, the second substrate 4 b includes a protruding portion 36 protruding from the external side of the first substrate 4 a, and wiring lines 37 and terminals 38 are formed on the surface of the protruding portion 36 facing the first substrate 4 a. One driving IC 39 a and two driving ICs 39 b are mounted in a region including the wiring lines 37 and the terminals 38 by an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) (not shown).

The wiring lines 37 and the terminals 38 are simultaneously formed when the wiring lines 26 and the dot electrodes 21 b are formed on the second substrate 4 b. In addition, the wiring lines 26 extend to the protruding portion 36 to form the wiring lines 37, and the wiring lines 37 are connected to the driving IC 39 a. In addition, a spherical or cylindrical conductive material (not shown) is mixed into a sealing material 6 used to attach the first substrate 4 a to the second substrate 4 b. The band-shaped electrodes 21 a that are formed on the first substrate 4 a are extended to the sealing material 6 on the first substrate 4 a and are connected to the wiring lines 37 on the second substrate 4 b by the conductive material inside the sealing material 6. As a result, the band-shaped electrodes 21 a formed on the first substrate 4 a are connected to the driving ICs 39 b on the second substrate 4 b.

In FIG. 1, the illuminating device 3, which is opposite to the external surface of the first substrate 4 a constituting the liquid crystal display panel 2, includes, for example, a plate-shaped light guide 41 made of a transparent plastic material and an LED 42, functioning as a point light source. A light-reflecting sheet (not shown) may be mounted on the surface of the light guide 41 opposite to the liquid crystal display panel 2. In addition, a light-diffusing sheet (not shown) may be mounted on the surface of the light guide 41 facing the liquid crystal display panel 2. Furthermore, a prism sheet (not shown) may be mounted on the light-diffusing sheet.

Three LEDs 42 are used in the present embodiment. However, as necessary, only one LED may be used, or a plurality of LEDs may be used. In addition, a linear light source, such as a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL), may be used instead of a point light source such as an LED.

Hereinafter, the operation of the liquid crystal device having the aforementioned structure will be described.

When external light, such as sunlight or indoor light, is sufficient, as indicated by arrow F in FIG. 2, the external light is transmitted into the liquid crystal display panel 2 through the second substrate 4 b, passes through the liquid crystal layer 13, is reflected from the reflective layer 16, and is supplied to the liquid crystal layer 13 again.

Meanwhile, when the external light is insufficient, the LED 42 (see FIG. 1) constituting the illuminating device 3 turns on. At this time, light emitted from the LED 42 in the form of a point is introduced into the light guide 41 through a light incident surface 41 a of the light guide 41 and is then emitted as plane light from a surface opposite to the liquid crystal display panel 2, that is, a light exit surface 41 b. In this way, as indicated by arrow G in FIG. 2, light emitted from the light exit surface 41 b passes through the apertures 28 formed on the reflective layer 16 and is then supplied to the liquid crystal layer 13 as plane light.

As such, when light is supplied to the liquid crystal layer 13, the liquid crystal display panel 2 is controlled by the driving ICs 39 a and 39 b (see FIG. 1), for example, scanning signals are supplied to the wiring lines 26, and simultaneously, for example, data signals are supplied to the band-shaped electrodes 21 a. At this time, if a TFD element 27 associated with a specific display dot is in a selected state (that is, in an on state) according to the potential difference between the scanning signal and the data signal, an image signal is written in a storage capacitor inside the display dot. Thereafter, if the TFD element 27 is in a non-selected state (that is, in an off state), the signal is stored in the display dot to drive the liquid crystal layer in the display dot.

In this way, liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 13 are controlled in each display dot, and light passing through the liquid crystal layer 13 is modulated in each display dot D. The modulated light passes through the polarizing plate 23 b on the side of the second substrate 4 b, so that an image, such as a character, a number, or a figure, is displayed on an effective display region of the liquid crystal display panel 2. Reflective display is performed using external light reflected from the reflective layer 16. In addition, transmissive display is performed using light emitted from the illuminating device 3. In the present embodiment, the reflective display and transmissive display are automatically selected according to the user's preference or a change in the external environment.

In the liquid crystal device having the above structure, the spacers 14 made of a photosensitive resin are formed as, for example, a truncated cone, a truncated pyramid, or other shapes by a patterning method using a photolithography process. In the present embodiment, the spacers 14 are formed as a truncated pyramid the upper side of which faces the first substrate 4 a and the bottom side of which faces the second substrate 4 b.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 4, the spacers 14 are formed around R, G, and B colored layers 18(R), 18(G), and 18(B) arranged in a stripe arrangement. Furthermore, in FIG. 4, one spacer 14 is formed on one side of each of the colored layers. However, a plurality of spacers 14 may also be formed between the colored layers.

Further, when the width of the spacers 14 around the G colored layers 18(G) in the width direction of the light-shielding layer 17 is Zg, the width of the spacers 14 around the B colored layers 18(B) in the width direction of the light-shielding layer 17 is Zb, and the width of the spacers 14 around the R colored layers 18(R) in the width direction of the light shielding layer 17 is Zr, the following relationships hold: Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr  (1), and more preferably, Zg<Zr<Zb  (2)

When the liquid crystal device according to the present embodiment is manufactured, the first substrate 4 a shown in FIG. 5 and the second substrate 4 b shown in FIG. 4 are attached to each other using the sealing material 6 (see FIG. 1). In this case, for example, the two substrates 4 a and 4 b are attached to each other while comparing a first mark formed at an appropriate position on the first substrate 4 a with a second mark formed at an appropriate position on the second substrate 4 b so as to achieve a predetermined positional relationship therebetween. When the two substrates 4 a and 4 b are normally attached to each other, as shown in FIG. 5, each spacer 14 is situated in the light-shielding layer 17 around each colored layer 18.

However, when manufacturing the liquid crystal device, the first substrate 4 a and the second substrate 4 b are not always attached to each other without a positional deviation therebetween, and a positional deviation therebetween may inevitably occur within an allowable limit or tolerance. If a positional deviation occurs between the substrates 4 a and 4 b, the spacers 14 may deviate from predetermined positions in the light-shielding layer 17 and may get into the colored layers 18.

It is known that when the human eye views light components of R, G, and B colors, the brightness of the light components perceived by human eyes are different from each other according to the wavelengths of the light components even though the amount of energy of each of the light components is the same. More specifically, even though the energy of each of the light components of R, G, and B colors is the same, the brightness of the light components is such that G>R>B. This means that, when a variation occurs in a G colored region, the human eye perceives that a variation in brightness of the G colored region is very large, compared to a case where a variation occurs in an R colored region or a B colored region. For example, when the spacers 14 get into the G colored regions, the effect of light leakage in the G colored regions is larger than that in the R colored regions or the B colored regions, thereby greatly deteriorating the contrast.

With regard to this, as in Equation (1), the following relationship holds in the present embodiment: Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr

Therefore, when an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates, there is a higher possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the B colored layers 18(B) or the R colored layers 18(R), but there is less possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the G colored layers 18(G). Accordingly, even when the positions of the spacers 14 are varied due to the assembly error for the substrates, a reduction in contrast can be prevented.

In addition, as in Equation (2), the following relationship holds in the present embodiment: Zg<Zr<Zb

Therefore, the possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the R colored regions is less than the possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the B colored regions. As a result, a reduction in contrast can be further suppressed when the positions of the spacers 14 are varied due to an assembly error for the substrates.

However, when the area of one pixel composed of three display dots D of R, G, and B colors is A, the cross-sectional area of one spacer 14 at a position where the spacer 14 comes into contact with the second base member 11 b is S, and the number of spacers 14 existing in one pixel is ρ, an area ratio R of the spacer 14 with respect to one pixel may be given by: R=(ρ×S)1/A  (3)

When the display screen of the liquid crystal device is pressed and the pressing force exceeds a predetermined value, the liquid crystal device cannot perform normal display. The maximum value of the pressing force at which the liquid crystal device maintains a normal function is called a resisting pressure. The inventor has investigated the relationship between the value of R shown in Equation (3) and the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel 2 having the structure shown in FIG. 2. As a result, the inventor has found that it is most practically preferable that the spacer 14 be formed so as to satisfy the following relationship (4): R>2×10⁻³  (4)

In addition, the inventor has checked how to set the dimension of the spacer 14 in practice. As a result, if the width W of the light-shielding layer 17 shown in FIG. 4 is set to about 10 μm and an allowable error when the first substrate 4 a and the second substrate 4 b are attached to each other is set to be 4 μm or less at the time of manufacturing the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1, the inventor has found that it is preferable that Zg be about 6 μm, Zr be about 10 μm, and Zb be about 14 μm.

As described above, in the liquid crystal device according to the present embodiment, since the spacers 14 are formed with respect to all the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors, the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel can be maintained at a high level. In addition, since the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 around the G colored layers 18(G) is small, a reduction in contrast can be suppressed even if an assembly error occurs in attaching the substrates. Furthermore, since the spacers 14 provided around the R colored layers. 18(R) and the B colored layers 18(B), which do not largely affect a reduction in contrast, are formed as large as possible, the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel can increase.

In addition, in the above-described embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the cross-sectional shape of the spacer 14 in plan view is a square. However, alternatively, the spacer 14 may have a circular shape, a rectangular shape, a diamond shape, an elliptical shape, and other shapes in cross-sectional view.

Second Embodiment of Electro-optical Device

FIG. 6 shows an electro-optical device according to another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 6 shows the positional relationship between the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18. In the present embodiment, the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors are aligned in an oblique mosaic arrangement, that is, in a diagonal.arrangement. In the oblique mosaic arrangement, each of the R, G, and B colors is diagonally arranged from the upper left side to the lower right side, and R, G, and B colors are alternately arranged in a line in the horizontal direction.

In the oblique mosaic arrangement, the spacers 14 are provided around the R, G, and B colored layers 18. In addition, the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 around the G colored layers 18(G) is set to be small, and the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 around the B colored layers 18(B) or the R colored layers 18(R) is set to be large. Since the spacers 14 are formed around the colored layers 18 in this way, there is little possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the G colored regions even if a positional deviation occurs between a pair of substrates opposite to each other. Thus, it is possible to prevent a reduction in contrast during display. Furthermore, since the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 in regions other than the G colored regions is large, the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel can be maintained at a high level.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, one spacer 14 is formed between two colored layers 18. However, a plurality of spacers 14 may be formed between two colored layers 18.

Third Embodiment of Electro-optical Device

FIG. 7 shows an electro-optical device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 7 shows the positional relationship between the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18. In the present embodiment, the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors are aligned in a Pentile arrangement. In the Pentile arrangement, the B colored layers 18(B) are arranged in a line in the lengthwise direction, and the R colored layers 18(R) and the G colored layers 18(G) are arranged between a pair of columns of B colored layers 18(B) such that the order of the R colored layer and the G colored layer is changed for every row.

In the Pentile arrangement, the spacers 14 are formed around the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors. In addition, the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 around the G colored layers 18(G) is set to be small, and the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 between the B colored layers 18(B) is set to be large. Since the spacers 14 are formed around the colored layers 18 in this way, there is little possibility that the spacers 14 get into the G colored regions even if a positional deviation occurs in attaching the pair of substrates opposite to each other. Thus, it is possible to prevent a reduction in contrast during display. In addition, since the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 is large in regions other than the G colored regions, the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel can be maintained at a high level.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, one spacer 14 is formed between two colored layers 18. However, a plurality of spacers 14 may be formed between two colored layers 18.

Fourth Embodiment of Electro-optical Device

FIG. 8 shows an electro-optical device according to yet still another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 8 shows the positional relationship between the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18. In the present embodiment, the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors are aligned in a pentagonal arrangement. In the pentagonal arrangement, R, G, and B colored layers are alternately and repeatedly arranged in a line in the horizontal direction, and a row of R, G, R, G, . . . , a row of G, B, G, B, . . . , and a row of B, R, B, R, . . . are arranged in the lengthwise direction, respectively.

In the pentagonal arrangement, the spacers 14 are provided around the colored layers 18 of R, G, and B colors. In addition, the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 around the G colored layer 18(G) is set to be small, and the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 between the B colored layer 18(B) and the R colored layer 18(R) is set to be large. Since the spacers 14 are provided around the colored layers 18 in this way, there is little possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the G colored regions even if a positional deviation occurs between a pair of substrates opposite to each other. Thus, it is possible to prevent a reduction in contrast during display. Furthermore, since the cross-sectional dimension of the spacers 14 is large in regions other than the G colored regions, the resisting pressure of the liquid crystal display panel can be maintained at a high level.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8, one spacer 14 is formed between two colored layers 18. However, a plurality of spacers 14 may be formed between two colored layers 18.

Modifications

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the colored layers 18 are provided on the first substrate 4 a, and the spacers 14 are provided on the second substrate 4 b. In other words, the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 are provided on different substrates. However, instead of the aforementioned structure, the present invention includes a panel structure in which the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 are formed on the same substrate.

In case of this structure, it is not apprehended that a positional deviation may occur between the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 due to an assembly error occurring when the pair of substrates is attached to each other. However, in this case, when the colored layers 18 are formed on one substrate and the spacers 14 are formed on the colored layers 18, a relative position between the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 may be deviated from a normal position. This positional deviation is referred to as an alignment deviation.

The present invention is applicable to a case in which the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 are formed on the same substrate so as to overlap with each other. More specifically, the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14 may be provided so as to have the positional relationship as shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Next, in the aforementioned embodiment, the present invention is applied to an active matrix liquid crystal device using TFD elements 27 that are two terminal-type switching elements. However, the present invention may be applied to devices using two terminal-type switching elements other than the TFD elements. In addition, the present invention can be applied to an active matrix liquid crystal device using three terminal-type switching elements such as thin film transistors (TFTs). Furthermore, the present invention can be applied to a simple matrix liquid crystal device having a structure in which switching elements are not used. The present invention is not limited to the liquid crystal devices and may be applied to electro-optical devices, such as an organic EL device, a plasma display device, and an electrophoresis device.

First Embodiment of Method of Manufacturing Electro-optical Device

Hereinafter, as an example of a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device according to the present invention, a method of manufacturing the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. 1 will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, processes P1 to P5 are processes for forming the second substrate 4 b of FIG. 1. In addition, processes P11 to P17 are processes for forming the first substrate 4 a of FIG. 1. Furthermore, processes P21 to P28 are processes for attaching the first substrate 4 a to second substrates 4 b to complete a liquid crystal device.

In the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment, the first substrate 4 a and the second substrate 4 b shown in FIG. 1 are not formed one by one. In case of the first substrate 4 a, a plurality of first substrates 4 a is simultaneously formed using a first mother base having a sufficient area to form the plurality of first substrates 4 a. In addition, in case of the second substrate 4 b, a plurality of second substrates 4 b is simultaneously formed using a second mother base having a sufficient area to form the plurality of second substrates 4 b. The first mother base and the second mother base are made of, for example, a transparent glass or a transparent plastic material.

First, in process P1 of FIG. 9, the TFDs 27 and the wiring lines 26 shown in FIG. 1(a) are formed on the surface of the second mother base. Next, in process P2, the dot electrodes 21 b shown in FIG. 1(a) are formed of ITO by a photolithography process and an etching process.

Subsequently, in process P3, the spacers 14 of FIG. 2 are formed by performing an appropriate patterning process, for example, a photolithography process on a photosensitive resin. At this time, as shown in FIG. 4, the plurality of spacers 14 is provided around all the colored layers 18 and is also formed to be Zb>Zr>Zg.

Next, in process P4, the alignment film 22 b of FIG. 2 is formed by a coating process or a printing process, and in process P5, an alignment process, for example, rubbing is performed on the alignment film 22 b. In this way, panel elements corresponding to the plurality of second substrates 4 b are formed on the second mother base. Hereinafter, this planar structure is referred to as a second mother board. In addition, in actual processes, heat treatment or other processes may be performed thereon as occasion demands, but the explanation thereof is omitted in the above description.

Next, in process P11 of FIG. 9, the first layer 15 a of the resin layer 15 shown in FIG. 2 is formed on the surface of the first mother board by performing, for example, a photolithography process on a photosensitive resin. Fine unevenness is formed on the surface of the first layer 15 a. Then, the second layer 15 b made of a photosensitive resin is thinly coated on the first layer 15 a, thereby forming the resin layer 15.

Next, in process P12 of FIG. 9, the reflective layer 16 of FIG. 2 is formed of a light-reflecting material, such as Al or an Al alloy, using a photolithography process and an etching process. In this case, apertures 28 are formed in the respective display dots D to form light-reflecting portions R and light-transmitting portions T. Next, in process P13, R, G, and B colored layers 18 of FIG. 2 are sequentially formed. For example, a coloring material obtained by dispersing the pigment or dye of each color in a photosensitive resin is formed in a predetermined arrangement, for example, in a stripe arrangement as shown in FIG. 5 by a photolithography process. In this case, the light-shielding layer 17 is formed in a lattice pattern so as to fill the gap between the respective colored layers, that is, the gap between a plurality of display dots D formed by stacking R, G, and B colored layers.

Next, in process P14, an overcoat layer 19 of FIG. 2 is formed of a photosensitive resin, such as acryl resin or polyimide resin, using a photolithography process. Then, in process P15 of FIG. 9, the band-shaped electrodes 21 a of FIG. 2 are formed of ITO using a photolithography process and an etching process. In addition, the alignment film 22 a of FIG. 2 is formed in process P16, and rubbing as an alignment process is performed in process P17.

In this way, the panel elements corresponding to a plurality of first substrates 4 a are formed on the first mother base. Hereinafter, such a planar structure is referred to as a first mother board. In addition, in actual processes, heat treatment or other processes may be performed as occasion demands, but the explanation thereof is omitted in the aforementioned embodiment.

Next, in process P21 of FIG. 9, the first mother board and the second mother board are attached to each other. As a result, a large-sized panel structure in which the first mother board and the second mother board are attached to each other such that their liquid crystal device regions are attached by the sealing material 6 of FIG. 1 interposed therebetween.

In addition, alignment marks for determining the positions of the first and second mother boards are formed at positions corresponding to the first mother base constituting the first mother board and the second mother base constituting the second mother board. When attachment is performed in process P21, a predetermined positional relationship is established by the alignment marks. For example, the positions of the first mother board and the second mother board are determined by inserting one alignment mark into the other alignment mark.

At this time, according to circumstances, a positional deviation between the first mother board and the second mother board, that is, a positional deviation between the first substrate 4 a and the second substrate 4 b in each liquid crystal device may occur. According to the present embodiment, in process P3, a plurality of spacers 14 is formed so as to satisfy Zb>Zr>Zg in dimension as shown in FIG. 4. Thus, even if a positional deviation occurs between the first and second mother boards, there is little possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the G colored layers 18(G). Therefore, it is possible to prevent a reduction in contrast.

Next, the sealing material 6 (see FIG. 1) included in the large-sized panel structure having the above structure is hardened in process P22 to attach the first and second mother boards. Then, in process P23, the panel structure is first cut off, that is, is broken into a plurality of medium-sized panel structures, that is, a so-called plurality of strip-shaped panel structures in which a plurality of the liquid crystal display panels 2 of FIG. 1 is arranged in a line. Apertures 6 a are previously formed at appropriate positions of the sealing material 6. When the strip-shaped panel structures are formed by the first breaking, the apertures 6 a of the sealing material 6 are exposed to the outside.

Next, in process P24 of FIG. 9, liquid crystal is injected into each liquid crystal panel through the aperture 6 a of the sealing material 6. After injection is completed, the apertures 6 a are sealed with resin. Next, in process P25, the strip-shaped panel structures are cut off into a plurality of the liquid crystal display panels 2 of FIG. 1 by secondary cutting, that is, secondary breaking.

Next, in process P26 of FIG. 9, the polarizing plates 23 a and 23 b are mounted on the liquid crystal display panel 2 of FIG. 1 by bonding. Next, in process P27, the driving ICs 39 a and 39 b are mounted, and in process P28, the illuminating device 3 of FIG. 1 is attached. As such, the liquid crystal device 1 is completed.

In the present embodiment, in process P3, the spacers 14 are formed at positions shown in FIG. 5. However, alternatively, the spacers 14 may be formed at positions shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8.

Second Embodiment of Method of Manufacturing Electro-optical Device

According to the present embodiment, in process P3 of FIG. 9, the spacers 14 are formed on the side of the second substrate 4 b, and in process P13, the colored layers 18 are formed on the side of the first substrate 4 a. In other words, the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18 are formed on different substrates. However, considering another method of manufacturing a liquid crystal device, the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18 may be formed on the same substrate. In this case, it is not considered that a positional deviation may occur between the spacers 14 and the colored layers 18 when a pair of mother boards is attached to each other.

However, when a colored layer 18, spacers 14, electrodes, an alignment film, and other elements are sequentially formed on one mother board, in general, an alignment mark is formed at an appropriate position on one mother board, and the respective elements are formed at predetermined positions based on the alignment mark so as to overlap with each other. In this case, as occasion demands, an alignment deviation may occur between the elements or between the colored layer 18 and the spacer 14.

According to the present invention, the spacers 14 are formed at the positions around the colored layers 18 as shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8. Therefore, even if an alignment deviation occurs between the colored layers 18 and the spacers 14, there is less possibility that the spacers 14 may get into the G colored layers 18(G). Thus, a reduction in contrast can be prevented in the liquid crystal device manufactured as described above.

Embodiment of Electronic Apparatus

Hereinafter, an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. The present embodiment shows an example of the present invention and is not limited to thereto.

FIG. 10 shows an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. The electronic apparatus includes a display information outputting source 101, a display information processing circuit 102, a power supply circuit 103, a timing generator 104, and a liquid crystal device 105. The liquid crystal device 105 includes a liquid crystal display panel 107 and a driving circuit 106.

The display information outputting source 101 includes a memory, such as a random access memory (RAM), a storage unit, such as every kind of disc, and a tuning circuit for tuning and outputting digital image signals. The display information outputting source 101 supplies display information, such as an image signal having a predetermined format, to the display information processing circuit 102 according to a variety of clock signals generated by the timing generator 104.

Next, the display information processing circuit 102 includes a plurality of well-known circuits, such as an amplifying and inverting circuit, a rotation circuit, a gamma correction circuit, and a clamp circuit. The display information processing circuit 102 processes the inputted display information and supplies image signals together with clock signals CLK to the driving circuit 106. Herein, the driving circuit 106 is the general term for a testing circuit, a scanning line driving circuit (not shown), and a data line driving circuit (not shown). In addition, the power supply circuit 103 supplies a predetermined power supply voltage to each of the elements. For example, the liquid crystal device 105 may have the same structure as that of the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 shows a mobile personal computer as an example of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention. A personal computer 110 shown in FIG. 11 includes a main body 114 having a keyboard 112 and a liquid crystal display unit 116. The liquid crystal display unit 116 may use the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1 as a display unit.

FIG. 12 shows a mobile telephone as an example of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention. A. mobile telephone 120 shown in FIG. 12 includes a main body 121 and a display unit 122 openably provided with respect to the main body 121. A display device 123 configured by the electro-optical device, such as a liquid crystal device, is disposed in the display unit 122, and a variety of display items related to telephone communication can be displayed on a display screen 124 of the display unit 122. Manipulation buttons 126 are provided on the front side of the main body 121.

An antenna 127 is attached to the mobile telephone 120 so as to be freely retractable from one end of the display unit 122. A speaker is provided in a receiver 128, and a microphone is built in a transmitter 129. A control unit for controlling the operation of the display device 123 is accommodated in the main body 121 or the display unit 122 as a part of a control unit for controlling the whole operation of the mobile telephone or is accommodated separately from the control unit.

FIG. 13 shows a case in which a liquid crystal device is used as a finder in a digital still camera according to another embodiment of the electronic apparatus of the present invention. In a digital still camera 130, a liquid crystal display unit 132 is provided on the rear side of a case 131. The liquid crystal display unit 132 operates as a finder for displaying a subject. The liquid crystal display unit 132 may be configured using, for example, the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1.

A light-receiving unit 133 including an optical lens and a CCD is provided on the-front side (the rear side of FIG. 13) of the case 131. If a photographer identifies a subject image displayed on the liquid crystal display unit 132 and presses a shutter button 134, an imaging signal of the CCD at that time is transmitted to a memory of a circuit board 135 and is stored therein.

A video signal output terminal 136 and an input/output terminal 137 for data communication are provided on the side surface of the case 131. A television monitor 138 is connected to the video signal output terminal 136, as necessary, and a personal computer 139 is connected to the input/output terminal 137 for data communication, as necessary. The imaging signals stored in the memory of the circuit board 135 are output to the television monitor 138 or the personal computer 139 by predetermined manipulation.

FIG. 14 shows a wristwatch-type electronic apparatus as an example of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention. A wristwatch-type electronic apparatus 140 shown in FIG. 14 includes a liquid crystal display unit 142 as a display unit supported by a watch body 141. The liquid crystal display unit 142 is controlled by a control circuit 143 provided in the watch body 141 and displays the date and hour as information. The liquid crystal display unit 142 may be configured using, for example, the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 15 shows a personal digital assistant (PDA) as an example of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention. In a PDA 150 shown in FIG. 15, a tough-type input unit 151, that is, a so-called touch panel-type input unit 151 is provided on the front panel. The input unit 151 is transparent, and a liquid crystal device 152 is disposed as a display unit under the input unit 151.

A user makes an attached pen-type input tool 153 contact with the input surface of the input unit 151 to select buttons or other display items displayed on the liquid crystal device 152 to draw a character and a figure, thereby inputting necessary information therein. A predetermined operation is performed on the input information by a computer in the PDA 150, and the results of operation are displayed on the liquid crystal device 152. The liquid crystal device 152 may be configured using, for example, the liquid crystal device 1 shown in FIG. 1.

Modifications

The present invention may applied to electronic apparatuses includes a liquid crystal TV, a viewfinder-type or monitor direct view-type video tape recorder, a car navigation apparatus, a pager, an electronic organizer, a calculator, a word processor, a workstation, a moving picture telephone, and a POS terminal, in addition to the above-described personal computer, mobile telephone, digital still camera, wristwatch-type electronic apparatus, and PDA. 

1. An electro-optical device comprising: a pair of substrates disposed opposite to each other; a plurality of R colored layers, a plurality of G colored layers, and a plurality of B colored layers that are formed on either one of the pair of substrates and are aligned in a predetermined arrangement in plan view; a light-shielding layer provided between the plurality of R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers; and a plurality of spacers provided on either one of the pair of substrates and protruding toward the other substrate, wherein the plurality of spacers are formed in at least one of: the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the B colored layers; and the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the R colored layers; and wherein, when the dimension of the spacers around the G colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zg, the dimension of the spacers around the B colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zb, and the dimension of the spacers around the R colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zr, the following relationship is satisfied: Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr.
 2. The electro-optical device according to claim 1, wherein Zr<Zb.
 3. The electro-optical device according to claim 1, wherein, when the area of one pixel composed of three display dots of R, G, and B colors is A, the cross-sectional area of one of the spacers is S, and the number of spacers existing in one pixel is ρ, an area ratio R of the spacer to the pixel is given by: R=(ρ×S)/A>2×10⁻³.
 4. The electro-optical device according to claim 1, wherein, when the width of the light-shielding layer is about 10 μm, Zg is about 6 μm, Zr is about 10 μm, and Zb is about 14 μm.
 5. The electro-optical device according to claim 1, wherein the spacers are formed on the substrate opposite to the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.
 6. The electro-optical device according to claim 1, wherein the spacers are formed on the same substrate as the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.
 7. An electronic apparatus comprising the electro-optical device according to claim 1 and controlling means for controlling the operation of the electro-optical device.
 8. A method of manufacturing the electro-optical device comprising: forming and aligning a plurality of R colored layers, a plurality of G colored layers, and a plurality of B colored layers on either one of a pair of substrates in a predetermined arrangement in plan view; providing a light-shielding layer between the plurality of R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers; and providing a plurality of spacers on either one of the pair of substrates, the plurality of spacers protruding toward the other substrate, wherein the plurality of spacers are formed in at least one of: the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the B colored layers; and the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the R colored layers; wherein, when the dimension of the spacers around the G colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zg, the dimension of the spacers around the B colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zb, and the dimension of the spacers around the R colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zr, the following relationship is satisfied: Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr; wherein the spacers are formed on the substrate opposite to the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed; and attaching the substrate on which the spacers are formed to the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed.
 9. A method of manufacturing the electro-optical device comprising: forming and aligning a plurality of R colored layers, a plurality of G colored layers, and a plurality of B colored layers on either one of a pair of substrates in a predetermined arrangement in plan view; providing a light-shielding layer between the plurality of R colored layers, G colored layers, and B colored layers; and providing a plurality of spacers on either one of the pair of substrates, the plurality of spacers protruding toward the other substrate, wherein the plurality of spacers are formed in at least one of: the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the B colored layers; and the light-shielding layer around the G colored layers and in the light-shielding layer around the R colored layers; wherein, when the dimension of the spacers around the G colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zg, the dimension of the spacers around the B colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zb, and the dimension of the spacers around the R colored layers in the width direction of the light-shielding layer is Zr, the following relationship is satisfied: Zg<Zb and Zg<Zr; and wherein the spacers are formed on the same substrate as the substrate on which the R colored layers, the G colored layers, and the B colored layers are formed based on alignment marks. 